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Information Technology (IT) is known as a valuable tool for information dissemination. Today, information communication technology can be used as a powerful tool to improve employees’ quality and efficiency.
The increasing development of technology-based tools and their adaptation speed with human requirements has led to a new form of the learning environment and creative, active and inclusive interaction. These days, information is one of the most important power resources in every organization and accordingly, acquiring information, especially central or strategic one can help organizations to build a power base and influence others. The aim of this study was to identify the most important criteria in job empowerment using IT and also the advantages of assessing empowerment. This study was a narrative review.
The literature was searched on databases and journals of Springer, Proquest, PubMed, science direct and scientific information database) with keywords including IT, empowerment and employees in the searching areas of titles, keywords, abstracts and full texts. The preliminary search resulted in 85 articles, books and conference proceedings in which published between 1983 and 2013 during July 2013. After a careful analysis of the content of each paper, a total of 40 papers and books were selected based on their relevancy. According to Ardalan Model IT plays a significant role in the fast data collection, global and fast access to a broad range of health information, a quick evaluation of information, better communication among health experts and more awareness through access to various information sources.
IT leads to a better performance accompanied by higher efficiency in service providing all of which will cause more satisfaction from fast and high-quality services. INTRODUCTION Today, the application of information technology (IT) has expanded rapidly in order to increase efficiency and productivity in most areas. IT is known as a valuable tool for information dissemination. Research reveals high power of new IT in increasing individuals’ health-related knowledge levels. At present, information is regarded as one of the most important global power resources. It is the basic component of decision making and planning. Information is data which has taken quantity matter in order to adapt with objectives and connect to work.
The organization should recognize necessary information for work management; otherwise, it will face a mass of confusing data. Recognizing main axes of advance in organizations requires changes of IT role from implicit into the objective or identifying its exact impacts to be able to use it in organization's decisions. METHODS This study was a narrative review. We used a sub-systematic method, which was divided into three phases: Literature collection, assessing and selection. The literature was searched with the assessing, and selection of libraries, databases (such as Proquest, PubMed, science direct and scientific information database) and also searches engines available at Google, Google scholar, books and conference proceedings with keywords including IT, Empowerment and employees in the searching areas of titles, keywords, abstracts and full texts. The preliminary search resulted in 85 articles, books and conference proceedings in which published between 1983 and 2013 during July 2013.
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Due to the large number of articles retrieved, a decision was taken to include only reviews published since 1983. Only articles written in English, American and Persian languages were considered because the researchers did not dominate on other languages. After a careful analysis of the content of each paper, a total of 40 papers and books were selected based on their relevancy. The study was performed in order to select the most important professional empowerment dimensions using IT. Definitions and dimensions of empowerment The word empowerment by Oxford definition means giving power or the right of doing something to someone. Employee empowerment is generally a contribute process applied to utilize all capacities of employees and to encourage them to increase their commitment to their job.
Some people believe that empowerment is a type of decentralization which requires assigning basic decision making to subordinates. Furthermore, empowerment provides decision- making powers and lets employees perform according to their desire. Therefore, it is an important management tool to provide service quality. Today, empowerment is regarded as one of the useful tools in promoting employees and increasing organizational effectiveness.
In order to be successful in today's changing environment, organizations need knowledge, ideas, energy and creativity of all employees, including those at the first level to top managers. Therefore, investigating methods to increase efficiency and use employees’ maximum capabilities toward achieving organizational objectives has been a continuous challenge for managers and management scholars; so that in recent years empowerment has changed into a typical management term. Researchers have viewed empowerment from different perspectives: Some concepts such as personal work control, independence in task performance, payment system associated with performance or payment based on performance, job enrichment, employee stock ownership and so on. These different views are not purely personal, but they are techniques which theorists and administrators use in order to create an empowering environment or facilitate empowering conditions. Accordingly, different definitions have been provided on empowerment.
For example, Kinlow defines it as a process toward continuous improvement in organizational performance, which is possible through the expansion and development of influence based on individuals and team's qualifications whose performance affects the organization's general performance. Empowerment doesn’t mean giving employees the right to vote, autonomy or even motivation; despite a strong desire to do more work will result from empowerment. The long-term goal of empowerment is continuous improvement in organization's overall performance, whereas its short-term objective is just application of existing qualifications.
Armstrong quotes Conger describes the empowerment as a process of reinforcing employees’ qualifications through identifying those conditions that have caused their weakness and trying to deal with problems through formal actions, informal techniques and also providing information which is necessary for their efficiency. Armstrong quotes Blak and Piterz have defined empowerment as power-sharing process between people who work in an organization. Armstrong quotes Karsten introduces empowerment as process of control and authority subdivision. Shootz believes that empowerment includes employees and managers’ full participation in decision-making.
Various factors and variables affect employees’ empowerment as listed in. Professional development of staff. Ardalan in his Master's thesis entitled “Investigating the Effects of IT on Employees Occupational Empowerment”, said that IT increases employees’ knowledge and awareness leading to easier and more exact communications, less expenses and decrease in human error in the information process. Today, organizations can transfer orders and messages along organization without traditional management structures. This is possible through using computers and some parts of middle management and leadership responsibilities.
This way, employees will have access to more information and increase their knowledge. They will also come to better results. Abdollahi and Nave-Ebrahim in his study on “Employees’ Empowerment: Golden Key for Human Resources Management”, said that having an appropriate career is one of the basic constituent elements of citizenship whose importance is not less than the presence at elections. Global developmental trends such as dramatic changes in demographic transition due to immigration, the emergence of new technologies and approaches in management have provided new horizons for employment planners. IT has generated new employment opportunities and brought about fundamental changes in many other jobs. In 2012, current jobs will be challenging and rewarding professions will be created.
In the future, IT components will be more co-ordinated and their influence on employment status and the relation between developing and developed countries will be more evident. Not only has it created new professions which need special expertise in IT but also affected other jobs so that the time required acquiring knowledge will be shorter. In some cases it also leads to more limited works. Therefore, it can be considered as a facilitating factor in employees’ career.
Robert Simons
CONCLUSION Information plays a vital role in programming, evaluation and administration of management systems. In fact, the first distinction between developed and developing countries is in production, programming, distribution and application of information., Therefore, the IT decreases human resources role and results in a systematic relation between human and machine. This may cause dissatisfaction due to work with a system and automation.
On the other hand, employees are also an important organizational resource and it's necessary and unavoidable to pay enough attention to them in order to achieve organizational objectives. However, one of the important ways of employees’ empowerment is education and access to information through topical technologies. IT is one of tools and mechanisms that collect categorize and process information and provide the results. The main objective of empowerment is to decrease governmental hierarchy and emphasize on client needs (instead of organizational needs).
If more attachment and commitment is aimed, the traditional leadership chain between employees and managers needs to be changed. Among the outcomes of employee empowerment, the following cases can be mentioned:.