— Andrew Younghusband, opening season 5. A Canadian which focuses on rehabilitating the worst drivers in, as nominated by their friends and family members. The object of the show is essentially to learn enough about proper driving in order to 'graduate' from rehab, done in the form of different challenges meant to build specific driving skills.

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In other words, you don't want to move on to the next round. The 'winner' (or should we say loser) in the end is crowned the titular 'worst driver', and often receives an. While the show's goals are serious, a lot of it is mainly. Yes, there are. Yes, there are. And two contestants (Emily of Season 4 and Flora of Season 8) were both.

Albuquerque and New Mexico's trusted news source. Statewide weather forecasts, live streaming, investigations, entertainment, local events and living. Did the Officer punch a hole in your Driver's License? (Update) The law changed in 2015 and officers are no longer instructed to punch a hole in the driver's license. This doesn't change much regarding pending license suspension. Whether punched or not, it is likely that the police officer has reported your arrest to the.

The show started in September 2005 and is still ongoing. Season 9 was retitled Canada's Worst Driver Ever, and brought back 'winners' from earlier seasons for a 'who's the worst' competition; the show returned to its usual title and a new crop of bad drivers with Season 10. In certain regions note Confirmed in both US and NZ so-far, you can now see two seasons of the show, Season 8 and Season 9 ( Worst Driver Ever) on and certain seasons, (season 10 at least) have been uploaded to by the producers themselves. Season 13 premiered on October 23, 2017.

Andrew, on Colin, Season 2: Let's hope he loses his license before his life. //: Some of the contestants are shockingly clueless. These are arguably the scariest type of bad driver.

With some, you wonder if they're even aware they're driving. Best exemplified by Dale, especially on Ever. Kevin was just as bad, as he insisted he was in the left turn lane when he wasn't (and turned right in front of a bus), failed to see a tractor-trailer rig, and simply didn't seem to notice anything going on around him. Flora also baffled the experts and tied as 'winner' with Kevin. Apart from being unable to remember driving techniques taught, she was unable to reverse at all, even in a straight line. In one challenge, Flora assumed that she did not need to steer when reversing, ploughing through the obstacles and becoming stuck. In the road test, she was almost as bad as Kevin, being unable to recognise lanes and stopping at every green light.

Chanie from Season 10 not only forgot driving maneuvers, but during her final exam was unable to identify common road signs. (She had also 'forgotten' to tell the show that while she's supposed to be taking medication for her focus issues, she'd gone off them because she didn't have time to get the prescription renewed. Andrew was not happy when he learned this after her road test.). Polly from Season 11 seems to be teetering on this with at least one incident so far in each episode due to her falling square in this trope.: Occasionally played straight by contestants in their past experience. In Season 4, which was held at a closed, there were numerous cases of Laundry Truck Meets Prison.

Dale managed to do this with a garage—specifically, she drove through the door. Not the doorway, the door, which was closed at the time. Season 11 had a few cases of Car Meets Hangar (the contestants had to reverse a trailer into a hangar).: In addition to his crappy attitude toward rehab, Colin from Season 2 frequently tried hitting on fellow contestant Shannon and her nominator Sara, despite both making it clear they were completely uninterested in him. Needless to say, they were happy to see him kicked out.: The host at times.:. 'Look where you want to go' is perhaps the single most important lesson of the show, and thus is repeated a lot. After demonstrating each challenge (to prove that an average driver can do them), Andrew tells the camera, 'Now, let's see how do.' .

And after a particularly bad run, 'contestant name might be Canada's Worst Driver.' Or, for Season 9, 'contestant name might be Canada's Worst Driver Ever.' . This was actually invoked on a contestant in Season 1: David had a nasty tendency to scrape his car on any surface prompting Andrew to tell David to heed the advice of 'if I hear metal scraping on metal, I will stop'. When he improved his performance later on during the season, Andrew told David to repeat the Andrew gave him before he would be allowed to graduate. He did, and promptly graduated from the show.: The is presented like this.

: a stop sign appears over the contestants' mouth whenever they swear (along with accompanying bleep). Punk rocker Jakob from Season 5 got an anarchy symbol instead. The censor box also appears (repeatedly) if any swear words are displayed on a visible object (i.e. Tina's 'If you don't like my driving' sign). It's also occasionally used for gestures, i.e.,.: The show has a serious point, but most of it's. And if you think it's really funny—meet Aaron, or rather, what's left of him after a serious car crash.

Photos of him in the hospital were in every episode of Season 7.: Many of the drivers try to iron out their flaws.:. In the first season, Madalena decided she didn't want to go through all the trouble of actually carrying out the scavenger hunt challenge, and just got all the answers from locals in a bar. Not surprisingly, the experts told her that the actual point of the challenge was to navigate to the places where she could find that information herself. On the 'Swerve and Avoid' challenge on Ever, Dale claimed that she did in fact, go into the correct lane by the car in the other lane. This has also been suggested in Ever with regards to Dale's injury in the penultimate leg as the judges appear to be convinced that she injured herself to avoid the title of Canada's Worst Driver Ever. It didn't work—she was brought back to face the possibility of still being named the worst.

Kevin failed the same challenge by guessing after screwing up his first two attempts.: In Season 10, Chanie gives Andrew her two Driver's Licenses. During the last episode, with Chanie named the Worst Driver of the season, Andrew proceeds to cut one of her licenses to Chanie's horror, only to reveal that having two Licenses is actually illegal and that he just saved her from a very expensive ticket, along with giving back her remaining license. Somewhat predictable though, as previous contestants (and the show) noted that it is illegal to cut up a license. Dale only had a copy of her license cut; Kevin commented he would sue the show if they cut his; while other contestants cut up their own licences. Knowing this, one could easily have called Andrew's bluff.: The Water Tank Challenge course on Season 7 has a car that randomly backs up out of the row of parked vehicles.

Of course, the point is to notice this, and smoothly slow to a stop. Guess what happens next.: Every single car ON the show, and most that the drivers have used as well. Lampshaded by Michael in Ever.

After looking at the Camaro before taking his turn at the assessment challenge, he commented that 'he'd hoped to drive the flagship vehicle at least once before it got mangled.' .:. Season 1 has the aforementioned Canada's Worst Driver vs. The World special (which featured clips from international versions of the franchise). Season 3 was accompanied by a clip show detailing some of the top 101 problems on Canadian roads, as demonstrated by that season's contestants. The premiere of Season 8 was preceded by the 'U Asked!' Special the night prior, which featured answers to frequently asked questions about the series.

Ever started with one to re-introduce the quote unquote 'all-stars' of the season.: An interesting variation. In Season 6, Lance started out. At the end, he looked like a slob, wearing a torn wifebeater and some face stubble.:.

Diane gets to spout one off right off the bat for Season 8 (censored, of course), getting bleeped more than 20 times in her 30-second driving intro. She's arguably the biggest potty-mouth of the Season 8 contestants. Azim from that same season is not too far behind her. Of course, they weren't the only ones to ever do so.

After Flora breaks the rear bumper off and almost rolls over the Mustang in the Eye of the Needle challenge, Andrew declares it necessary to do so as well. Invoked intentionally by Andrew for a 'If Taught Parallel Parking' sketch, with the obvious impression.:. Season 5: Mike Butt's father is a driving instructor, and Arun had serious trouble figuring out how a stick shift works.

Despite being a mechanical engineer and having owned a stick-shift back in India. Season 6: Dale (runner-up) had an extensive history of ignoring traffic rules and bumping things, despite her husband being also a driving instructor. Lance and Brad both own stick-shift, while Dean drove one back in Zimbabwe, but all three burn out 4 clutches (Lance killed two - the first one he kept trying to get into first gear, despite it being already in gear). Ian of Season 10 is a taxi cab driver!.: The metallic rims often littered around certain challenges. They're loud when knocked over, and can cause some vehicular damage in certain scenarios.: Done fittingly inside half of a car. Unlike other examples of the trope, it's also kept very much to a minimum with drivers commenting after challenges or big events and usually reflecting on their progress in that challenge (or their feelings after the event) instead of describing things before and during the event.: Mariah made an appearance in before Krystal's public drive.: Basically, this happens once the show airs on Canadian TV, and the worst of the worst is rooted out. Only three drivers have suffered this fate which were Colin, Scott and Krystal.: Many challenges (often ones that require the use of speed and control) will often use fancy cars, mainly of the classic variety.

Beginning in Season 6, when Andrew claimed that viewers were telling them to stop using classic cars, they started buying new (well, almost new in most cases) ones instead! As each season's car is used across multiple challenges, it naturally became the for the contestants. The first of these was a new Chevrolet Camaro. For Season 7, they bought a used 2009 Dodge Challenger R/T, customized with a Canadian flag paint job to go with the theme of the season. For Season 8, they brought in a Ford Mustang. They were hoping to use it as part of their, but given the poor condition the Mustang ended up in, they rented another for the exam.

During that test, Kevin hit something with the rental, although we don't know what or how. Ever used another Camaro. Season 10 brings in a Cadillac, and then a 11th generation Thunderbird for the final drive. Season 11 had a Dodge Charger. Season 12 used a 2016 Ford Mustang GT. Season 13 had Camero.: During Amy's final drive in Season 4, Bob decides to play tourist by snapping lots of photos, including one of a man in a woman's dress.

Andrew: There goes Chanie, in the wrong shoes. Season 11's Jordan might not have Lance's clothing budget, but does more primping behind the steering wheel than some of the female contestants.:. Season 7 had one, and not in a good way for the person involved.

Prior to the final test, the experts and Andrew predicted that Sly would easily be Canada's Worst Driver, Aaron would only be the worst if the traumatic memories of his accident caused him to suffer a total, while Shirley would if anything do even better than usual without her daughter in the car. In the event however, Aaron did absolutely fine, and Sly also did relatively well, while Shirley racked up a whole host of moving violations and ended up being named the worst.

Kevin looked like he might pull this off in a good way in Ever — in the last episode, he was the only one to pass the reverse/forward slalom challenge, and he did better than the others (though still not well) at the mega-challenge. However, his road test (which is given the most weight by the judges) was just plain awful and he ended up as the worst. Season 11 had a similar scenario to Season 7; Sholom was generally considered the favourite to be the worst going into the final episode, with Polly also a serious contender for the title, while Jillian seemed likely to have the season's 'breakout drive' and finally vanquish her fear of driving. While Sholom did poorly in his final drive, and Polly even worse, Jillian proved unable to even attempt her final drive, which ended up causing her to be named the worst.: Andrew, Andrew, Andrew.

Jim-Bob: (in response to Andrew's comment that the car Santana is in is worth $60,000) When she's done, it will be worth 60 dollars.: Cam does this a lot. Piss him off with some legally questionable driving (or even trying to justify it) and you are sure to get one of these. Given that he was a former traffic cop who probably has seen his share of destruction, it's not hard to wonder why.: With only five judges, tie-breaking votes happen a lot.

Occasionally averted entirely when one candidate does way better than all the rest (and all agree that the candidate should leave), or when only one judge dissents (in Season 5, all judges agreed that Angelina should be the worst driver, save for Cam Woolley who named Mike Butt instead), and sometimes no one can agree, so no one graduates. Also Averted in the finale of Season 8 where Andrew (as the tiebreaker) cannot decide who is the worst driver, Flora or Kevin, with equally bad performances.

They both end up 'winning' the award. And in the second-last episode of Ever, nobody graduated because all the experts agreed that Dale was not fit to drive and expelled her. Andrew even cut up (a copy of) her driver's license before kicking her out. Also averted in the second episode of Season 11, where the panel is split between graduating Tina or Alex and decides in the end to let them both graduate.: Of every bad driving trope out there. And also, and (all used to get driver's licenses), etc. The main tool for deconstruction?.:. Season 5's Angelina and Season 8's Flora and Kevin were adamant about not giving up driving despite their overall horrid driving.

All three were named Canada's Worst Driver as a result. Angelina herself subverted this in Ever, when it was clear that she needed therapy for her issues, she agreed to therapy sessions arranged by the show and left. Dale in Ever is the same way. After the expulsion mentioned above, Andrew instructed her nominator Danny to drive her home. Despite Dale having partially severed a finger tendon and her hand being bandaged to the point that she was physically incapable of driving, nobody trusted her not to try. Krystal barely tried to correct her bad driving habits during season 12.: Ashley's complete inability to get on with her husband while driving caused her to be named Canada's Worst Driver in Season 4, despite runner-up Emily obviously being a far more inept driver overall.

Jillian from Season 11 appears to be teetering on this with her blowing up at her husband repeatedly while driving.: Either sex.: The reason for Mariah's constant laughing and drinking-driving early on in Season 10? Coping mechanism - her father walked out when she was 12 and she stopped expressing actual happiness.: One contestant admitted to having sex while driving.

Donna from Season 4 turned out to have a heart ailment and had to leave the show. Crystal from Season 5 was permitted to leave after her brother-in-law was killed in a driving accident. Angelina from Ever had to leave the show after it was determined that she had a mental condition and the show arranged for therapy sessions for her.: Krystal fails to understand a number of important safety lessons. She's pretty much the only person to not get after the distracted driving challenge that driving distracted is dangerous.: Attempted on a couple of contestants who had serious medical problems. Sorry, Donna, but you have a (Season 4). She refused to give up driving, but her license was put up for medical review (and she lost). Sorry, Kevin, but you're half-blind - he simply refused to turn his head to compensate.

He, too, refused to give up driving, and tied for Canada's Worst Driver in Season 8 before winning it by himself in Ever. Aaron teetered on this in Season 7, but eventually proved himself a good driver. Angelina not being able to medicate her psychological issues properly more or less further impaired her bad driving skills in Ever. Add onto the fact that she required anxiety medication during her final drive in Season 5. Mike averted this in season 12. Tyler also had a permanent brain injury that went unrevealed for more than half the season, but he also graduated.: Seriously, what part of 'Canada's Worst Driver' do you not understand? At least two in every season, and waaaaaaaaayyyyyyyy too many to count these days., the Chevrolet Camaro that weaves through traffic and speeds past construction zones has a license plate that reads 'XLR8N'.

In Season 1, Faith Ann Stone was a speed freak nominated by four people - all acting independently. Bob is equally bad, if not worst - he speeds far above highway speed limits and played 'bumper tag' (practically a non-safe brake check ) with a transport truck that had pulled in front of him on the way to rehab, and was meters of getting rear-ended. In Season 2, Sean's vanity plate 'S.

Cross-head, Cross-Point, Cruciform, Square Drive Screws and Drivers These screw types have a '+' shaped recess on the head and are driven by a cross-head screwdriver, designed originally for use with mass-production mechanical screwing machines. There are a few other recessed drive screws presented that you also want to be aware. So, why all the confusion? Why all the damaged screw heads and drivers?

Why is this screw and driver thing so awkward? Read on and be amazed while I unravel the mystery of screw drives and present some you may have never seen. For each screw drive type, from ancient Slot through to space-age Lox we present a quick view of the screw head, the drive name, a picture of the appropriate drive bit, followed by an explanation of the type.

Also presented are the advantages and disadvantages of each drive type. Slot type are also included because that is where the screw began and a double slot becomes a cross drive, and the Robertson or square drive enter the story with recent combined Phillips/Square drives. The Allan, Spline, Torx etc drives are not included and maybe neither should the Uni-Screw, it is just so darn new and interesting. This article contains a lot of information and pictures from the Internet. Maybe it will be the definitive guide with your help it could get close. If you disagree with any of the information or if I missed a related drive you know of, please let me know where I can validate the information.

Misinformation, incorrect illustrations, screwed up usage of terms on the Internet and elsewhere is rampant and part of the problem created by so many drives. First a little background: A screw is really a shaft with a helical groove or thread formed on its surface. Its main uses are as a threaded fastener used to hold objects together, and as a simple machine used to translate torque into linear force. It can also be defined as an inclined plane wrapped around a shaft.

Every threaded fastener needs a way of turning it. Whether a wrench fits a hex-head bolt or a nut, or it may have a shaped and recessed hole into which a driver can be inserted.

Step 1: Early Screws. Around the first century, screw shaped tools became common, however, historians do not know who invented the first.

Early screws were made from wood and were used in wine presses, olive oil presses, and for pressing clothes. Turning the screw was accomplished with a drive rod handle positioned through the perpendicular hole. Metal screws and nuts used to fasten two objects together first appeared in the fifteenth century. In 1770, English instrument maker, Jesse Ramsden (1735-1800) invented the first satisfactory screw-cutting lathe. Ramsden inspired other inventors. In 1797, Englishmen, Henry Maudslay (1771-1831) invented a large screw-cutting lathe that made it possible to mass-produce accurately sized screws. In 1798, American David Wilkinson also invented machinery for the mass production of threaded metal screws.

The screw on the left (A) was handmade in the late 18th century. Note the flat spot on the shaft, the irregular threads, blunt tip and the off center slot. The screw in the center (B) is machine made around 1830. It has sharp, even threads, a cylindrical shape, blunt end and the slot is still off center. The screw on the right (C) is a modern gimlet screw, post 1848, with tapered shaft, even threads, pointed tip and centered slot. Step 2: Cut Slot Drive. Cutting a slot in a screw head to turn it is an old idea: drawings from the 16th century show screws with slotted heads.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Slot Screws The advantages of the slotted head are that: most people have a screwdriver that fits them (sort of); worn drivers are easily reground; a new screwhead slot can easily be cut with a hacksaw. Otherwise the slotted head is the worst screw drive system, and while very common, it is also generally obsolete. Some of its deficiencies include: a screwdriver does not automatically line up with the slot; it is easy to get off center; the user must keep the axis of the screwdriver aligned with the axis of the screw; the driver can engage the head in only two possible positions, at 180 degree to each other.

The sides of most slotted screwdriver bits are tapered. When the driver is turned it tends to be pushed up and out of the screw head. This is called camout. To add to the shortcomings of the slotted head, screwdrivers for slotted screws are usually described by the length of the shaft and the width of the tip; the crucial measurement, the tip's thickness, is not given. Any given tip width is sold in a range of thicknesses; the longer shafts usually have the thicker blades.

Step 3: Crossed-Slot Drive. The Shuenn Chang Fa Enterprise Co of Taiwan makes this unique cross slot drive head type. No other information on these or even if there is a special driver for them.

Let me know by email if you can verify the applications and whether a special driver is used or required. Fellow Instructable contributor further explains ironsmiter says: The Lotus Head Drive is basically a standard cross-slot screw, as it looks, but the slots are produced by a 'much cheaper process'. Basically, the head is split by a chisel type tool. The theory is that, by not removing any material, the head retains the full material strength. This is a similar theory as to how a hole that was been punched and drifted, by a blacksmith, is stronger than one that has been drilled out. The head can also be formed by a machine that costs significantly less to buy and to operate than a recessed head. The use for these screws is mainly for machine assembly.

The constant pressure of the machine driver spindle prevents 'skipping' of the bit (that would cause a stripped head, if using hand tools to drive the screw). There is a slightly modified Phillips bit that is used to drive them. It has a matching taper and flat bottom. The example shown is a 'quickthread' allowing it to be driven at twice the depth per turn, as compared to a normal screw.

It is also a self-drilling model. Primarily designed for use in plastics. You will find similar threads holding almost any cheap plastic radio, light fixture, toy, together. These are all 'improvements' to speed up manufacture, and use of the screw. How successful it is at that, I do not know. Just hope you never have to remove one of these. Trying to get a standard Phillips bit, even if you modify it for the flat bottom profile, to grip on these screws is a Royal Pain (frowning) See end-load in appendix.

Step 5: Robertson® Drive. While not a true cruciform recessed drive (similar physical force principals apply to a square and a cruciform as shown in Step 7), it will be important to understand these as well. Note: Square Drive is not identical to Robertson. In 1908, square drive screws were invented by Canadian Peter L. Twenty-eight years before Henry Phillips patented his Phillips head screws.

The Robertson screw is considered the 'first recess-drive type fastener practical for production usage.' The design became a North American standard.

Henry Ford used Robertson screws in the Model A car made by the Ford Motor Company (one of Robertson's first customers). The Model T used over seven hundred Robertson screws.

Ford dropped these screws when Robertson refused to give him exclusive rights to its use. Robertson also refused to license other fastener manufacturers, so the design spread very slowly. Many recreational vehicles built in the 1950s use these screws.

In Canada, most wood and electrical screws have Robertson recess heads. Advantages and Disadvantages of Robertson Screws A square recess drive allowed the screw to be placed on the driver prior to the screw being placed in position, so for the first time ever you could start a screw overhead or in a tight spot without an extra hand holding the screw onto the driver. A Robertson head on a screw is much better than a slot head because the screwdriver has great resistance to camout of the screw's head during installation and 4 possible positions to insert the driver.

The Robertson drive design utilizes a 'Morse-like' taper so the screw will stick to the bit even when held straight down. This taper allows the tool bit to insert deeper into the recess for more contact surface and thus less camout. To avoid problems make sure both screw and driver are of the matching type as there are many square drive drivers and screws around today that are not Robertson. See Square Drive (next topic). Robertson screwdrivers are available in 6 standard tip-sizes, none metric. Orange and orange are seldom used. The largest black is quite rare.

Each identified usually by the handle color rather than by number. Thanks Brian J.

Cooley, Robertson Inc., Tools Division Product Line Manager for North America, for adding information on the 6th Robertson size and for pointing out ALL true Robertson Inc. Power bits and insert bits are of the 2 piece variety, they have never produced one piece bits. (I've changed the reference picture as the original one was not not a true Robertson). An easy way for consumers to tell if any fasteners came from Robertson Inc. They use the ® following Robertson ® on all of the products manufactured.

Step 6: Square Drive. Only Robertson makes Robertson screws and drivers, the others are generically called Square Drive and are made by several manufacturers and brands since the patents have expired on the Robertson. The Square Drive head is an American clone of the Canadian Robertson that has a square recess but not tapered and has very sharp corners. Likely this difference was to avoid patent infringements.

The patented Robertson driver has a slight taper, and slightly rounded corners. Two methods of fabrication are the machined one piece and the two-piece is a forged steel tip press fitted into a regular steel tip holder part. Several companies each with their own select brand name produce square Drive. Advantages and Disadvantages of Square Drive Due to the lack of taper, the hole must be oversize relative to the screwdriver, and is much more likely to camout than the Robertson. It is infuriating that Home Depot and the tool companies like Bosch and Dewalt bring square drive bits into Canada that nearly fit Robertson screws and are marketed as equal and are unmarked. For any Canadian readers that want bits that work, try to buy the bits that are color-coded red, green, black as well check the engraving is an R on the bit.

Dont trust the cheaper bulk packs. Never trust a Robertson that says 'Made in America'; it is likely a Square Drive. A 'fresh' US square drive driver with a 'real' Robertson screw head sticks so tightly that it can take a significant yank to get them disengaged. This is advertised as a selling point of the US Square drivers here in Canada. Unfortunately, if you have a pop out, the driver is usually means youre damaging the tool and is difficult to use from then on. Real Robertson drivers do not suffer from this with Robertson screws. So, while they don't stick quite so tightly, the drivers really do last a long time, and they're just as good at keeping grip under power.

Bit sizes come in only four sizes and application and are rarely color-coded. Step 7: Recessed Cross Drive Systems. This cross drive screw story starts when Henry Phillips purchased a crude form of a cruciform-recessed screw head concept from an Oregon inventor named J.P. Phillips (1890 to 1958), a U.S.

Businessman from Portland, Oregon, has the honor of having the Phillips head screw and screwdriver named after him. The cruciform shape can be considered to be a cruciform design with their 90 degree shapes as most have similar physics properties. Phillips developed Thompsons invention screw into a workable form.

Phillips had come up with a recessed cross screw designed for efficiency on an auto assembly line. The idea was that the screwdriver would turn the screw with increasing force until the tip of the driver popped out, called camout. When tightening a Phillips screw with a Phillips screw driver you will notice that when the torque gets to be too strong, the screw driver winds itself out of the screw so the screw head would not be ruined or brake off.

Phillips also founded the Phillips Screw Company in Oregon in 1933, but never actually made screws. He had called on every established screw manufacturer in the US and was told simply that the screw could not be made.

Screw makers of the 1930s dismissed the Phillips concept since it calls for a relatively complex recessed socket shape in the head of the screw; as distinct from the simple milled slot of a slotted type screw. Phillips then called on the American Screw Company, a newcomer to the industry whose new president, Eugene Clark, personally became interested in the new product, despite the opposition of his engineers, who like others in the industry had insisted it could not be made. According to one printed report, the president of American Screw Company said: 'I finally told my head men that I would put on pension all who insisted it could not be done. After that an efficient method was evolved to manufacture the fasteners and now we have licensed all other major companies to use it.'

Use of the Phillips screws spread through the automobile industry at a rapid rate. By 1939 it was used by all but two automobile manufacturers.

By 1940, Phillips screws were used by the entire automotive industry, although one major manufacturer still would not use them on its passenger cars. Gradually the Phillips screw and screwdriver worked their way into other industrial applications; then consumer products, and eventually showed up in hardware stores. The American Screw Company spent approximately $500,000 in the 1930s to produce the Phillips screw and obtained patents on the manufacturing methods. It was the sole licenser of the process. By 1940 10 American and 10 foreign companies were licensed to manufacture the screw. Although Henry Phillips received patents for the drive design in 1936 (US Patent #2,046,343, US Patents #2,046,837 to 2,046,840), it was so widely copied that by 1949 Phillips lost his patent.

Phillips' major contribution was in driving the crosshead concept forward to the point where it was adopted by screwmakers and automobile companies. Henry Phillips died in 1958 at the age of sixty-eight.

Step 8: Phillips Drive. The Phillips system was invented for use in assembling aluminum aircraft, with the object of preventing assemblers from tightening screws so tightly that the aluminum threads strip.

The driver will cam out before that happens. The Phillips driver has four simple slots cut out of it, each slot is the result of two machining processes at right angles.

The result of this process is that the arms of the cross are tapered and has slightly rounded corners in the tool recess. Phillips is designed so that when excess torque is applied it will camout rather than ream the recess and destroy the bit.

The driver has a 57 degree point with a blunt tip, tapered wings. Identified in ANSI standards as type I.

Advantages & Disadvantages of Phillips In all cross drive systems the driver will self-align with the fastener. The tapered design that allows camout can become a problem as the tooling that forges the recess in the head of the screws begins to show signs of wear. The recess becomes more and more shallow, which means the driver will bottomout too soon and will cause the driver to camout early. Another problem is even though the ease to insert, Phillips screws can be tough to get back out. The main disadvantage is the screwdriver pops out too readily, stripping the screw, gouging the work, and in general transferring all the problems that were formerly with the Slot design. Consumers are likely to think that any screw head with a cross drive recess is a Phillips, which can lead to problems.

Step 9: Reed & Prince or Frearson. A later cross drive system referred to in ANSI standards as Type 2 recess. It was developed by an English inventor named Frearson and was produced from the late 1930s to the mid 1970s by the former Reed & Prince Manufacturing Company of Worcester, Massachusetts (was liquidated in 1990 with the sale of company assets). Today it is mostly referred to as Frearson but occationally still by its former name of Reed & Prince.

This drive is very similar to a Phillips but has a more pointed 75 degree V shape. It is found mainly in marine hardware. The tool recess is a perfect cross, unlike the Phillips head, which is designed to cam out.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Frearson Its advantage over the Phillips drive is that one Frearson driver or bit fits all Frearson screw sizes, although there are 2 sizes available. Improved torque with minimal camout.

Unfortunately the screw head recess appears to be a Phillips and so it is too easy to use the wrong tool or screw. Step 10: JIS - Japanese Industrial Standard. Often improperly referred to as Japanese Phillips. Commonly found in Japanese equipment. JIS looks much like a Phillips screw (and even more similar to Frearson), but is designed not to cam out and will, therefore, be damaged by a Phillips screwdriver if it is too tight. Heads are usually identifiable by a single raised dot to one side of the cross slot.

JIS B 1012:1985 screw standard is throughout the Asia market and Japanese imports. The driver has a 57 degree point with a flat tip, parallel wings. Advantages and Disadvantages of JIS Most people and companies outside of Japan have absolutely no idea what they are. With the similarity in appearance to the Frearson and the Phillips the screws are often damaged in removing and installing with the wrong tools.

JIS tends not to camout like Philips. The JIS driver can be used on Phillips quite easily but not reciprically. Drivers are not easily available in North America, try your local RC Airplane hobby shop. Most RC Helicopters use JIS screws to mount the propeller. JIS-spec cross-head screws are generally marked with a single raised dot or an 'X'. JIS always fit Phillip fasteners, but because of slight design differences, Phillips drivers may not fit JIS fasteners.

(unless the tip is ground down a bit). Step 11: Sel-O-Fit®. Pozidriv was jointly patented by the Phillips Screw Company and American Screw Company in the USA. Developed by GKN in the 1960s, the recess is licensed from Trifast PLC in the rest of the world. It is the de facto standard in Europe and most of the Far East, where Phillips is almost nonexistent. The proper Pozidriv screws have a flatter bottom to the socket, and steeper sides, so the driver doesn't cam out as easily. The name is thought to be an abbreviation of positive drive.

Pozidriv is similar in appearance to the classic Phillips crosshead, but in fact is substantially different. On close examination you will notice a second set of cross-blades at the root of the large cross-blades. These added blades are for identification and match the additional makings on the head of Pozidriv screws, known as 'tick' marks, single lines at 45 degrees to the cross recess. So, the marks are for identification purpose.

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Pozidriv also does not have the rounded corners that the Phillips screw drive has. The tip or the driver is blunt which also helps it to seat better into the recess in the screw, unlike the Phillips which comes to a sharper point. Identified in ANSI standards as type IA. Pozidriv drivers will not turn Phillips screws; but Posidriv screws can be turned by Phillips screwdrivers, although they should not be used as they tend to ride out of the recess and round the corners of both the tool and screw recess. Advantages and Disadvantages of Pozidriv The largest advantage it offers is that, when used with the correct tooling in good condition, it does not cam out, allowing great torque to be applied. The chief disadvantage of Pozidriv screws is that they are visually quite similar to Phillips, thus many people are unaware of the difference or do not own the correct drivers for them, and use incorrect screwdrivers. This results in difficulty in unscrewing the screw and in damage to the slot, rendering any subsequent use of a correct screwdriver unsatisfactory.

Step 14: SupaDriv®. Often refered to as Pozidriv, these two drives are not exactly the same. Each has its own driver but both will also work with the other.

The screwhead is similar to Pozidriv but has only two identification ticks and the secondary blades are larger. Advantages and Disadvantages of Supadriv The Supadrivs basic shape is similar to Posidriv and the drive blades are about equal thickness. The main difference is close to a near vertical surface to drive the screws into the drivers.

With this superior bite screw driving is more efficient, with less come out. Step 15: ACR® Phillips®. Patented by the Phillips Screw Company to compliment the Phillips drive. ACR was developed for the aerospace industry to avoid costly head stripping and to assure easy insertion and removal of screws during assembly and maintenance. The advanced ACR Phillips system keeps the driver securely mated to the screw during fastener removal eliminating damaged screw heads and drives while preventing damage to costly panels, avionics and structures. The ribbed mating surfaces of the driver and screw head lock together providing greater maintainability.

There are 3 types of the drive bit but the most common is for removal and driving. Advantages and Disadvantages of ACR Phillips Maintainers prefer the ACR Phillips system because they dont have to push hard on the driver, reducing fatigue and the risk of injury. The results are securely removed screws every time with lowered cost, more productive workers, fewer drill outs, and fewer problems to fix in overhaul. ACR Phillips screws are also compatible with common Phillips drivers allowing emergency modifications and repairs. Step 16: Phillips Square-Driv®. A combination drive designed by marrying the classic Phillips cruciform recess and the popular square drive recess. The result is a highly efficient and functional multi-driver servicable recess.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Phillips Square Drive This drive system has an increased driver bit cross-section significantly increases the longevity of the driver bit, reducing overall tool costs. Combines positive characteristics of both the Phillips and the Square Drive with few negative characteristics. Not as prone to camout; higher torques than either original drive. Screw damage is minimiied and drive tool life is extended. In addition, there is a consistent stick between the driver and the screw, making hard to reach joints a simple task.

Step 17: ACR® Phillips Square-Driv®. A recent evolution of the Phillips design resulted in a next generation, patented Phillips II. The ACR improvement is basically a Phillips screwdriver that has ACR ribs, making it ideal for assembly line and home use. Phillips II screws have ribs in the recess of the screw. The ribs mate with the ribs found on the Platinum tipped Phillips II ACR driver bit. This rib-to-rib connection allows for driving in and backing out the screw.

The ribs are on either or both the driving and removal faces on the wings. The patented anti camout ribs (ACR) guarantee stick fit, easier drive and less fatigue. Deck Mate screws are a good example of these and the Deck Mate driver bit often comes with the screws. Screw heads are marked with double hash marks 45 degree to cross recess. Advantages and Disadvantages of Phillips II The rib-to-rib connection allows for more torque, off-angle driving, heads that will not snap off, and screws that will not strip. You will never have another stripped screw that can not be removed!

You can not drive a square drive or a star drive off angle! Proprietary threads means faster drive. Patented anti-camout ribs (ACR), guarantee stick fit, easier drive and less fatigue. Deck Mate screws can be driven with #2 Phillips or #2 square driver bits but for best performance use Deck Mate driver bits with ACR. You will never have a stripped screw that cant be removed.

Step 20: Quadrex®. Founded in 1978, AVA Specialty Fasteners Ltd. Of Canada presents Quadrex which combines the best features of Cross Recess and Square Socket drives. The Quadrex recess increases productivity by incorporating the superior torque transmission and cling fit of the Square Socket drive with the desirable field repair and retrofitting features of the Phillips drive. This controlled radius recess has been designed for optimum driver engagement while providing clearance for wear and plating buildup. Added features include: Universal Application, Increased Productivity, Reduced Inventories, Assembly Line Economics and Universal Acceptance Step 21: Recex® Drive. The Mortorq Spiral Drive recess developed by Phillips, is much shallower than other standard recesses on the market, and can be put into a much shallower head without affecting the strength of the screw.

This assembly allows for a shallower counterbore, reducing material thickness without compromising the joint strength, because it does not affect the material thickness below the counterbore. A Mortorq recess uses full wing contact with driver bit in both drive and removal directions. Advantages and Disadvantages of Mortorq Aerospace designers have had to compromise on fastener performance. Previously, shallow head styles had poor torque transfer and damaged easily while robust drives required thicker material and added weight. The unique shape provides full contact of the driver over the entire recess wing resulting in extremely high torque capability without the risk of damage. Depth of the recess in the fastener head is minimized resulting in true high performance in 100 degree flush head and shear head applications.

The open recess concept allows driver to recess misalignment and compensates for paint build-up without degrading torque performance. Workers can easily install and remove panel and structure fasteners at odd angles without high muscle stress or fear of damage to surrounding surfaces.

Larger driver cross-sections and curved surfaces provide extended tool life and resistance to tensile fatigue fracture when used with high load pulse tools. Step 23: Torq-Set®. The Torq-Set offset cruciform fastener system is a proven product in the aerospace market. For applications where screws or bolts must be torque-tight, Torq-Set meets the requirements and beats the competition. One look at the innovative recess design of Torq-Set tells the story.

Its offset cruciform configuration takes the sure-fitting dependability of the original Phillips design one step further toward an ultimate torque driving system. Torq-Set ensures a torque tightness that satisfies the rigorous demands of todays aerospace applications. Step 24: ACR® Torq-Set 2®. ACR Torq-Set ribbed offset cruciform drive has become the revolutionary fastener system preferred by aeronautical engineers for use on military and commercial aircraft, missiles, satellites, and weapons systems worldwide. Advantages and Disadvantages of ACR Torq-Set A single driver inserts and removes the fasteners.

The interlocking ribs - applied to the removal side of the driver bit and screw surfaces - eases fastener removal, even after a threaded fastener has become corroded, seized, or frozen. Camout is never a problem when driving in either direction with the ACR system. When meeting demands of high torque applications, the ACR Torq-Set drive system delivers ultimate performance while protecting against camout. The offset cruciform shape with interlocking ribs of the ACR Torq-Set design is unmatched for sure steady driving. Additionally, all ACR Torq-Set driver bits and recesses are interchangeable with standard Torq-Set components, thereby eliminating potential difficulties during emergency field maintenance. Available in sizes #0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10.

Step 25: LOX®. In 2001, John 'Brad' Wagner patented LOX recess and driver bit designed specifically for power tools. LOX features twelve contact points, three times as many as the four points of Phillips and Robertson designs. Twelve points that transfer extraordinary torque while holding a positive engagement, drive after drive. In a recent independent test, LOX screws demonstrated more than triple the torque capacity of square.

Advantages and Disadvantages of LOX The patented LOX recess easily outperforms every competing drive system on the market, delivering three distinct advantages: 12 points of contact and a near zero degree drive angle, the LOX recess is engineered to accept torque loads many times higher than competing technologies. LOX has vertical sidewalls that transfer forces radially, keeping the bit seated and minimizing end load. The near zero drive angle (4 degrees) optimizes torque transmission and eliminates radial stresses, dramatically increasing bit life. The unique four offset square design four projections that effectively eliminate stripping. These projections maximize bit life while minimizing material waste. Directional stability with multiple, concentric driving surfaces are directionally stable to within less than two degrees which makes this a ideal choice where there is poor access or no direct line of sight to the fastener location. The design also works as a tamper resistant feature and is suitable for high RPM drives (up to 2000 rpm).

Because of its precise fit and evenly distributed forces, the LOX bit life is at least 5-10 times longer than competing systems. Even if the material costs are negligible, workers don't like stopping to replace worn bits. It throws off their rhythm and slows their progress. They often wait until bits are completely worn before stopping to changing them. Step 26: Uni-Screw®. The Uni-screw is being manufactured and distributed by Forward Engineering under a licence from Uni-Screw and the first commercial products are aimed at the building and DIY markets. Strong interest has also been shown by several industrial organisations.

Uni-Screw can be a direct replacement for 25 other types of screwdrivers. No need for surplus drivers anymore! A new design of screw head, the Uni-Screw, has been developed to rival the well-established slotted, Phillips and Pozidriv screws. It is based on a series of hexagonal recesses that avoids camout, which occurs with the other designs when higher torques are applied.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Uni-screw Website claims Uni-Screw to be the first driver to drive both imperial and metric fasteners, virtually eliminates camout and stripping, positive control with stick fit, and increased productivity. Other benefits include the need for only one driver over a wide range of screw sizes and easy alignment of driver to screw. Other recess forms can be used including pentagon and heptagon to provide high tamper resistance, and these can be tailored for a single user to give total security. Step 27: Square Tamperproof.

The Tamperproof Screw Company was founded in the late 1970s when George Friedman developed the Phillips Pin-Head security screw. It consists of a traditional Phillips drive with a tamper-resistant pin added for security. Prevents unauthorized tampering with the screws. The Philips/Cross tamperproof profile has the same properties as the classic Philips/Cross; the difference is that the tool has a hole located in the tip and the screw head has a small central pin. Advantages and Disadvantages of Phillips Pin-Head Theft Proof fasteners are virtually impossible to remove without the matching driver. These screws are easy to drive & remove with matching tool. Also cannot be removed with Phillips Screwdriver.

Available in sizes #1, 2, 3. Step 29: Appendix. Terms Camout (or cam-out) is a process by which a screwdriver slips out of the head of a screw being driven once the torque required to turn the screw exceeds a certain amount.

Frequently, camout damages the screw, and possibly also the screwdriver, and should normally be avoided. However, the Phillips head screw and screwdriver combination was designed specifically to cam out, as at the time of its invention torque sensing automatic screwdrivers did not exist. Phillips is a trademark used for a screw with a head having two intersecting perpendicular slots and for a screwdriver with a tip shaped to fit into these slots. Recess refers to the shaped socket into which a driver can be inserted End-Load is the force required to keep the bit to not camout. Low end-load is usually most desirable. References History of Screws and Screwdrivers, by Mary Bellis, About.com Phillips Screw Company; www.phillips-screw.com Phillips or Pozidriv?

Healey Magazine, Feb 1996 Semblex Corporation; www.semblex.com Why did this guy Phillips think we needed a new type of screw? By Adams, Nov 24 1989 Assembly Technology Buyer's Guide, Wheeling, IL, Hitchcock Publishing, annual. Collections Canada; www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/cool/002027-150-e. A New Design of Screw Head by Brian Rooks, Assembly Automation Vol 21-4, 2001 Furniture screws: primitive to gimlet by Fred Taylor, Discover Mid-America - Aug 2007 S.C.F. Fasteners, Taiwan; www.scffastener.com/main/products/specialS.html Robertson Screws by Ricketts, www.mysteriesofcanada.com/Ontario/robertsonscrews www.thestuccocompany.com/maintenance/Phillips-vs-roberts-138476- by Chris Lewis Hands-On: LOX Screws by Chuck Cage; www.toolmonger.com Uni-Screw Worldwide, Inc; www.uniscrewworld.com Discussion Groups; Google Answers Researcher by Tutuzdad?, Jun 10 2004 Re: star vs square drive; http//forums.jlconline.com/forums davek Veteran Contributor Julian F.

Fred Abse Instructables feedback of article by contributor ironsmiter Step 30: What Next? 'JIS-spec cross-head screws are generally marked with a single raised dot or an 'X'. JIS always fit Phillip fasteners, but because of slight design differences, Phillips drivers may not fit JIS fasteners. (unless the tip is ground down a bit).' What was your source for the section on JIS B 1012? I have read in service manuals that the dot/dimple found on screws inside Japanese equipment alerts the technician that the screw conforms to ISO specifications, not JIS. This refers to the metric THREAD, not the driver type.

As far as I can tell without purchasing and comparing copies of the standards (the sites I found all want about $90 each!) all current JIS, ISO, and DIN standards for cross-recessed 'phillips' screw drives are listed as equivalent and interchangeable. 'JIS screws' that need JIS screwdrivers are likely a myth for PH#1 through #3, though I've that standards for sizes #0 and under do vary by country, and that some Japanese made cameras contain miniature screws that need their own drivers. The only evidence I can find online in English for so-called JIS screwdrivers fitting better in the dotted screws in vintage and current Japanese made electronic equipment and vehicles comes anecdotally from a handful of youtube videos and motorcycle forums.

My opinion is that these people who swear there is a difference are either suffering from confirmation bias after going out of their way to order Japanese drivers, or were previously using worn, incorrect, or poor quality tools and would have achieved the same results with a good quality driver that conformed to the equivalent ISO or DIN standards. I thought the same as you, so I sat down and did an experiment. I got out the hundred or so random phillips screws I've collected from odd jobs over the years, along with each of my screwdrivers. Without looking at whether the screw was metric or standard, or had a marked head or not, I tested each one on every screwdriver and categorized it by which driver it fit best. The screws came from a variety of american cars and japanese motorcycles, plus a few from IKEA and local US hardware stores. The screwdrivers I have are Craftsman brand (American), Vessel brand (JIS), and Lisle brand (mystery).

I went by how much angular play the screw had, how deep the screwdriver was able to sink into the head, and visually whether there were any gaps where they fit together. By the time I was done I looked and sure enough, every single screw with a dot on the head had matched up to the JIS screwdriver best. Only one screw without a dot also made it into the JIS pile. And the difference in fit was surprisingly staggering - most in the American pile would seat perfectly on their driver, but were loose on the JIS driver, and vice versa for the other group. It wasn't just a matter of some were poor on everything like I thought it would be. Interestingly, the Lisle brand screw bits (which came along with a hand impact driver for extracting damaged screws) trended exactly like the Vessel driver in terms of fit, even though Lisle is an American brand. It makes me wonder if some American companies are wising up and making their stuff fit the JIS standard so that it's usable both ways.

Another interesting note is that when using an American driver on a JIS screw, a size smaller than the corresponding JIS driver but with the tip ground off typically fit a little better. For instance, when testing a #2 JIS screw, a #1 American driver that had a millimeter ground off the tip fit better (but still not perfect) than an unmolested #2 American driver. So this might be where people are getting the idea that they have to grind the tips off their American screwdrivers to make them fit Japanese screws. Comparing a #2 American tip to a #2 JIS tip, I really can't see any visual difference in their size, but the shape of the flanges is very slightly different. Maybe the flanges on a #1 American just happen to be more similar to a #2 JIS, but the extra pointy-ness of the #1 keeps it from bottoming out fully. Anyway, what a rabbit hole.

This might help, on the Irwin.com website I downloaded the pdf on Fastener Driving & Screwdriving. On the 12th page or their page number 104, they show a Phillips #2 bit and a Drywall #2 bit, the Drywall tip is smaller in diameter because it fits in a dimpler clutch. Drywall screws seem to look more like a JIS or Frearson head as I remember.

There is likely not a difference in the working head of the tip. I've seen forum comments to the effect that the Drywall tips don't camout as easy, relying on the dimpler to release prior to over-torquing.

Thanks for your prompt reply, BUT, it is not a Robertson I am a proud Canadian and know my Robertson screws. My original comment was 'Phillips like'. The marking on the plastic 'sleeve' for the bit showed a cross pattern and 'R2' (it followed the 3 Phillips bits with the same cross pattern and '1', ' 2', and '3' - the bits are engraved PH1, PH2, and PH3 respectively) Upon closer examination of the bit in the 'R2' slot, it is engraved 'DRY PH2' - sorry, I should have pulled it out before. So, with the added information, can you tell me what I have? Please and thanks Howard.

I would agree with them being JIS. I've run into some comments that the JIS do not always have the identifier dot, especially when the screw head is smaller. As well the item shown in the 'more here' link is marked 'Made In China', JIS would be more likely used there as normal. Further the interect of the X is square and the phillips are rounded for torque-out. As for Frearson, I've not knowingly seen them, but they seemed to be more a North American form of the JIS. Being a screw head and not a tool bit it isn't easy to measure the angles of the blades to know for sure.

Thanks for the great question. Good morning, ArcticPenguin; From your posting on 2010 February 11: 'I'm almost sure what you refer to as Eiki ISO screws were actually JIS-Type screws with ISO metric threads. Two ways of saying the same thing basically. Similar to if I'd call them Yuyama ISO screws.'

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From a fading memory, I think your statement is correct. In about 1965 or thereabouts, the movement toward some standardization in metric fasteners was well under way, and the JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards) people were beginning to align themselves with most of the rest of the world in making fasteners that would be interchangeable with the same thread specifications. The DIN standards seem to be the ones that were most favored and were adopted as the ISO standards. As you mentioned, the main shift in the JIS screws was in the change from the previous JIS thread diameter and thread pitch to the now standard ISO specifications. This affected the smaller size fasteners the most, as far as the JIS screws were concerned.

The more common sizes of 6 - 1.00, 8 - 1.25, and some others, were not affected. One of the differences was in the 5mm diameter screw where the previous JIS Standard of 5mm diameter and 0.75mm thread pitch became the same as the DIN or ISO 5mm diameter and 0.8mm thread pitch.

This is where the distinction becomes important. At this point, to distinguish between the earlier JIS Thread Specification and the newer ISO Thread Specification, they added to the head of the fastener, or the side of the nut, the 'dot' or 'dimple' or small round recess to show that this is the new fastener, and not the older JIS Thread Specification. The form of the head of the fastener did not change; it is still the JIS head using the JIS tooling for installation and removal. Only the thread form or thread specification changed. This is the significance of the 'dimple' on the head of the JIS fastener. You may have noticed that the Deck Mate screws in your area are now a star drive. These screws are not made by Phillips the manufacturer of the patented Phillips Square Driv with the blue bit.

Home Depot owns the name Deckmate and they have chosen to have a different vendor supply the screws that are inside the box in part of the country. The original, patented Phillips Square Driv screws are available at www.phillipsfastener.com No charge UPS shipping. We are calling them Phillips II Plus.

YOu will recognize the drive, the bit and the box. Firstly, let me say. A fascinating instructable! Sure I knew there were specialty screws, but had no idea the extent of the 'Philips' type screws out there. Sheds new light on why I've had some trouble with odd screws/drivers with what I thought were perfectly fine philips (hmm, or were they?) drivers.

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Secondly, in my dozen plus years as a camp ranger and caretaker, I have driven literally thousands upon thousands of these 'Deck Mates' and they are my go-to screw, even though they are a bit pricier and I can only find them at Home Depot. I do find that even though they are marketed to be driven with standard philips bits, it has to be a very good bit to have with success with it. Standard square drives are no problem however. Stick with the matched Philips II bits with the ACR and you can't go wrong.

Good thing they're included with a full box of screws. I've managed to shatter a few of them driving hard.